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FPR-缅北强奸 Social & Cultural Neuroscience Workshop

August 13-17, 2018

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PDF icon Social and Cultural Neuroscience 2018 Program

Introduction - Laurence Kirmayer

Social and cultural neuroscience has provided new insights into the mechanisms and meanings of human cognition and adaptation. This introduction will outline the workshop and consider the conceptual and methodological challenges of building bridges between the social sciences and neurosciences. Topics will include: the relevance of social science for neuroscience; implications of 4-E cognitive science for social and cultural neuroscience; ecosocial approaches to studying the brain in health and illness; and strategies for integrating ethnographic methods and neuroscience in global mental health.

Readings

Choudhury, S., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2009). Cultural neuroscience and psychopathology: Prospects for cultural psychiatry. Progress in Brain Research, 178, 263-283.

Kirmayer, L. J. (2012). The future of critical neuroscience. In: S. Choudhury & J. Slaby (Eds.) Critical Neuroscience. A Handbook of the Social and Cultural Contexts of Neuroscience (pp. 367-383) Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

Kirmayer, L. J., & Crafa, D. (2014). What kind of science for psychiatry?. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 435.

*Seligman, R., Choudhury, S., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2015). Locating culture in the brain and in the world: from social categories to the ecology of mind. In: Chiao, J. Y., Li, S. C., & Seligman, R. (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Cultural Neuroscience (pp. 3-20). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Biocultural Anthropology - Carol Worthman

In the face of mounting challenges to human welfare, an ongoing scientific revolution is dissolving entrenched nature-nurture, body-mind divides in western thought, and yielding dramatic advances in our understanding of human experience, behavior, and well-being. This session explores conceptual foundations of biocultural research in adaptationist, developmental, and culture theories, reviews the array of methods used in such research, and discusses exemplars that illustrate key insights and new models that are emerging from it. The emphasis in biocultural anthropology on understanding the sources and sequelae of human diversity prioritizes research in the many populations under-represented in current scientific literatures, and provides concepts, tools, and models for more expansive, inclusive inquiry.

Readings

Dressler, W. W., Balieiro, M. C., de Araujo, L. F., Silva, W. A., & dos Santos, J. E. (2016). Culture as a mediator of gene-environment interaction: Cultural consonance, childhood adversity, a 2A serotonin receptor polymorphism, and depression in urban Brazil. Social Science and Medicine, 161, 109-117.

Gettler, L. T., McDade, T. W., Bragg, J. M., Feranil, A. B., & Kuzawa, C. W. (2015). Developmental energetics, sibling death, and parental instability as predictors of maturational tempo and life history scheduling in males from Cebu, Philippines. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 158(2), 175-

Gravlee, C. C., Non, A. L., & Mulligan, C. J. (2009). Genetic ancestry, social classification, and racial inequalities in blood pressure in Southeastern Puerto Rico. PLoS ONE, 4(9), e6821.

Hinton, D. E., Barlow, D. H., Reis, R., & de Jong, J. (2016). A Transcultural Model of the Centrality of "Thinking a Lot" in Psychopathologies Across the Globe and the Process of Localization: A Cambodian Refugee Example. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 40(4), 570-619.

*Kagawa Singer, M., Dressler, W., George, S., & Panel, N. I. H. E. (2016). Culture: The missing link in health research. Social Science and Medicine, 170, 237-246.

Kohrt, B. A., Worthman, C. M., Adhikari, R. P., Luitel, N. P., Arevalo, J. M., Ma, J., . . . Cole, S. W. (2016). Psychological resilience and the gene regulatory impact of posttraumatic stress in Nepali child soldiers. PNAS, 113(29), 8156-8161.

Kuzawa, C. W., & Thayer, Z. M. (2011). Timescales of human adaptation: the role of epigenetic processes. Epigenomics, 3(2), 221-234. doi:10.2217/epi.11.11

Mascaro, J. S., Rentscher, K. E., Hackett, P. D., Mehl, M. R., & Rilling, J. K. (2017). Child gender influences paternal behavior, language, and brain function. Behavioral Neuroscience, 131, 262-73.

McDade, T. W., Ryan, C., Jones, M. J., MacIsaac, J. L., Morin, A. M., Meyer, J. M., . . . Kuzawa, C. W. (2017). Social and physical environments early in development predict DNA methylation of inflammatory genes in young adulthood. PNAS, 114(29), 7611-7616.

Mulligan, C. J. (2016). Early Environments, Stress, and the Epigenetics of Human Health. In D. Brenneis & K. B. Strier (Eds.), Annual Review of Anthropology, 45: 233-249).

*Seligman, R., & Brown, R. A. (2010). Theory and method at the intersection of anthropology and cultural neuroscience. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5(2-3), 130-137.

Sweet, E. (2010). "If your shoes are raggedy you get talked about": symbolic and material dimensions of adolescent social status and health. Social Science and Medicine, 70(12), 2029-2035.

Weaver, L. J., Worthman, C. M., DeCaro, J. A., & Madhu, S. V. (2015). The signs of stress: embodiments of biosocial stress among type 2 diabetic women in New Delhi, India. Social Science & Medicine 131, 122-130.

Worthman, C. M. (2009). Habits of the heart: Life history and the developmental neuroendocrinology of emotion. American Journal of Human Biology, 211, 772-781.

*Worthman, C. M. (2010). The ecology of human development: evolving models for cultural psychology. Journal for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41, 546-562.

Worthman, C. M., & Costello, E. J. (2009). Tracking biocultural pathways to health disparities: The use of biomarkers. Annals of Human Biology, 36(3), 281-297.

Worthman, C. M., & Trang, K. (2018). Dynamics of body time, social time and life history at adolescence. Nature, 554(7693), 451-457.

Cultural Neuroscience Part 1 - Shinobu Kitayama

The study of culture in psychology has come of age. Over the last few decades, many researchers have explored cultural pluralism 鈥� the hypothesis that there are multiple equilibriums in human cultural adaptation while relying on epistemological positivism 鈥� a set of scientific methods employed to evaluate claims made on different cultures. One primary domain of interest has been a macroscopic comparison between (relatively interdependent) East and (relatively independent) West. In my talk, I will discuss three core themes of the field and put forward new questions that have emerged on the horizon. Specifically, the success of the cultural research in psychology was initially anchored in (i) an experimental approach to document cultural variations in mentality. Subsequently, it has been reinforced by both (ii) an effort to identify situational, historical, ecological, and, more recently, evolutionary forces that shape the contemporary cultural variations in mentality and (iii) the adoption of neuroscience methods to assess the 鈥渄epth鈥� of cultural influences on mentality. Now, the field is poised to address new questions on the biological mechanisms that are recruited to support culture, including neuroplasticity, gene x culture coevolution, and epigenetic pathways of socio-cultural adaptation. Our recent empirical work addressing a gene x culture interaction that is observed in regionally specific brain volume and cortical thickness will be discussed.

Readings

Kitayama, S., & Salvador, C. (2017). Culture embrained: Going beyond the nature-nurture dichotomy. Perspectives on Psychological Science.

Kitayama, S., & Uskul, A. K. (2011). Culture, Mind, and the Brain: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 419鈥�449.

Kitayama, S., Akutsu, S., Uchida, Y., & Cole, S. W. (2016). Work, meaning, and gene regulation: Findings from a Japanese information technology firm. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 72, 175鈥�181.

*Kitayama, S., Park, J., Miyamoto, Y., Date, H., Boylan, J. M., Markus, H. R., et al. (2018). Behavioral Adjustment Moderates the Link Between Neuroticism and Biological Health Risk: A U.S.鈥揓apan Comparison Study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(6), 809鈥�822.

*Kitayama, S., Yanagisawa, K., Ito, A., Ueda, R., Uchida, Y., & Abe, N. (2017). Reduced orbitofrontal cortical volume is associated with interdependent self-construal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(30), 7969鈥�7974.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2010). Cultures and Selves: A Cycle of Mutual Constitution. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(4), 420鈥�430.

*Talhelm, T., Zhang, X., Oishi, S., Shimin, C., Duan, D., Lan, X., & Kitayama, S. (2014). Large-Scale Psychological Differences Within China Explained by Rice Versus Wheat Agriculture. Science, 344(6184), 603鈥�608.

Cultural Neuroscience Part 2听- Shinobu Kitayama

Affective Neuroscience - Maria Gendron

Affective phenomena have traditionally been considered in a separate sphere from cognitive phenomena such as memory, perception, and decision making. This legacy of partitioning the brain into 鈥渆motional鈥� circuits that are separate from 鈥渃ognitive鈥� regions is being actively dismantled with emerging neuroscience research on the network structure and function of the brain. This research has led to several key insights. First, affective phenomena are pervasive due to the core biological task of predictively regulating the body (allostasis) and representing the sensory consequences of that bodily regulation (interoception). Emerging research suggests that the experience of affective qualities (pleasure, displeasure) is a low-dimensional representation of these processes in consciousness. Second, emotional experiences and perceptions also involve a set of regions that implement conceptual processing, which serve to bring online past experience to guide actions and give sensations meaning. This finding suggests that affective neuroscience must be fused with cognitive neuroscience to make progress on understanding the nature of affect and emotion. A third, and final insight, is that diversity in emotional phenomena, across individuals and societies, may be unpacked by considering how the conceptual system guides the implementation of allostasis in a manner that is tuned to the demands and opportunities of an individual鈥檚 ecological, social and developmental niche. As a consequence, the entry point for measurement of affective and emotional phenomena in neuroscience research will be enhanced by considering conceptual frameworks for affect and emotion within a given (cultural) context.

Readings

Adolphs, R. (2017). How should neuroscience study emotions? By distinguishing emotion states, concepts, and experiences. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 12(1), 24-31.

Atzil, S., Gao, W., Fradkin, I., & Barrett, L. F. (in press). Growing a social brain. Nature Human Behavior. [draft forthcoming, upon availability]

*Barrett, L. F. (2017). The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(11), 1833.

*Barrett, L. F. & Satpute, A. B. (2017). Historical pitfalls and new directions in the neuroscience of emotion. Neuroscience Letters. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.07.045

Brooks, J.A., Shablack, H., Gendron, M., Satpute, A.B., Parrish, M.J., & Lindquist, K.A. (2017). The role of language in the experience and perception of emotion: A neuroimaging meta-analysis. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12, 169-183.

Critchley, H. D., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2017). Interoception and emotion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, 7-14.

Kleckner, I. R., Zhang, J., Touroutoglou, A., Chanes, L., Xia, Chengie, Simmons, W. K., Quigley, K.S., Dickerson, B. C., & Barrett, L. F. (2017). Evidence for a large-scale brain system supporting allostasis and interoception in humans. Nature Human Behavior, 1,0069.

Ledoux, J. E., & Brown, R. (2017). A higher-order theory of emotional consciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(10), E2016-E2025.

Somerville, L. H. (2016). Emotional development in adolescence. In Handbook of Emotion, 4th Edition (Barrett, Lewis, & Haviland-Jones, Eds.).

Social Neuroscience - Jennifer Bartz

The field of social neuroscience has led to important insights about the biological basis of several social psychological processes (e.g., cooperation, empathy, prejudice). To date, work has largely employed imaging techniques to identify the brain regions/circuits involved in social cognition and behavior. Another important but less studied question concerns the neurochemical bases of social psychological processes. Neuromodulators (e.g., serotonin, oxytocin) alter nerve impulse transmission and allow for neuronal communication; because they diffuse through large areas of the brain, neuromodulators can impact the activity of diverse populations of neurons and have fairly widespread effects on the brain鈥檚 inherent functioning. Ultimately, these signaling molecules are thought to set in motion processes that facilitate the organism鈥檚 ability to respond adaptively to the demands of the current context. In this presentation, I will focus on the role of the hormone and neuromodulator oxytocin, which, over the last 15 years, has emerged as a key variable in the regulation of human social cognition and behavior. Although popularly dubbed the 鈥渓ove hormone鈥� empirical work reveals that the social effects of oxytocin are often nuanced鈥攕ometimes facilitating prosocial cognition and behavior, but at other times, or for other individuals, producing null and even 鈥渁nti-social鈥� effects. In fact, such variability may offer clues about the more basic mechanisms by which oxytocin modulates human sociality. One hypothesis that will be discussed is that oxytocin may alter specific motivational and/or perceptual states that make social cues more salient. Appreciating oxytocin鈥檚 nuanced social effects is important for i) advancing our understanding of the neuroscience and psychology of affiliation, and ii) researchers considering oxytocin as a therapeutic for disorders marked by impaired social functioning.

Readings

**Bartz, J. A., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. N. (2011). Social effects of oxytocin in humans: context and person matter. Trends Cogn Sci, 15(7), 301-309. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.002

Carter, C. S. (1998). Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23(8), 779-818, AND Insel, T. R., & Young, L. J. (2001). The neurobiology of attachment. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(2), 129-136. Two historical classics that raised attention about the role of oxytocin in attachment.

Carter, C. S. (2014). Oxytocin pathways and the evolution of human behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 17-39. A thorough, far-reaching theoretical analysis of oxytocin and human behavior.

Heinrichs, M., von Dawans, B., & Domes, G. (2009). Oxytocin, vasopressin, and human social behavior. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 30(4), 548-557. A clearly written, relatively comprehensive review for readers who wish to expand their knowledge on oxytocin and affiliation in humans.

**Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435(7042), 673-676. doi: 10.1038/nature03701

Landgraf, R., & Neumann, I. D. (2004). Vasopressin and oxytocin release within the brain: a dynamic concept of multiple and variable modes of neuropeptide communication. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 25(3-4), 150-176. A comprehensive review for readers who wish to expand their knowledge on oxytocin release within the brain.

Marlin, B. J., Mitre, M., D'Amour J, A., Chao, M. V., & Froemke, R. C. (2015). Oxytocin enables maternal behaviour by balancing cortical inhibition. Nature, 520(7548), 499-504. doi: 10.1038/nature14402. An elegant illustration of the social salience hypothesis in non-human animals.

**Ross, H. E., & Young, L. J. (2009). Oxytocin and the neural mechanisms regulating social cognition and affiliative behavior. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 30(4), 534-547. A clearly written and relatively comprehensive review for readers who wish to expand their knowledge on oxytocin and affiliation in non-human animals.

Social Context - Ian Gold

Many neuroscientists believe that explanations of mental life will eventually be provided in exclusively neural terms. Even in the domain of social neuroscience鈥攚here interactions among minds are the primary phenomena to be explained鈥攊t is widely assumed that theories will ultimately be couched in terms the dynamics of neurons, neural circuits, and brain function. In this lecture we鈥檒l consider some reasons for scepticism about this assumption. We will focus, in particular, on the idea that the brain operates in a context, especially of other people, and that context may be ineliminable if we hope to understand what the brain is doing. We will explore this 鈥渟ituatedness鈥� of the brain and its implications for the future of social neuroscientific theory.

Readings

*Boydell J, McKenzie K. 2008. Society, place and space. In Society and Psychosis, C Morgan, McKenzie K, Fearon P (eds) 77鈥�94. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Clark A, Chalmers D. 1998. The extended mind. Analysis 58:7鈥�19.

Darley J, Batson C. 1973. 鈥淔rom Jerusalem to Jericho鈥�: A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27:100鈥�8.

*Gold I. 2009. Reduction in psychiatry. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 54:506鈥�12.

Gold I, Stoljar D. 1999. A neuron doctrine in the philosophy of neuroscience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:809鈥�30.

*Hutchins E. 1995. How a cockpit remembers its speeds. Cognitive Science 19:265鈥�88.

Cultural Affordances - Samuel Veissi猫re

The processes underwriting the acquisition of culture remain unclear. How are habits and norms learned and maintained with precision and reliability across large-scale sociocultural ensembles? Is there a unifying account of the mechanisms involved in theacquisition of culture? Notions such as 'shared expectations', the 'selective patterning of attention and behaviour' and 'situated learning' are the main candidates to underpin a unifying account of cognition and the acquisition of culture; however, their interactions require greater specification and clarification. In this talk, I report on our current work that aimes to integrate these candidates using the variational (free energy) approach to human cognition and culture in cognitive neuroscience. We argue that human agents may learn shared expectations through the selective patterning of attention by the developmental construction of sociocultural niches that afford epistemic resources (i.e., cultural affordances). We call this process "Thinking through Other Minds" (TTOM) - in effect, the process of inferring other's expectations via ecologically specified, sensorimotor interactions. The integrative model has implications that may advance theories of enculturation, adaptation, and psychopathology.

Readings

Constant, A., Ramstead, M. J., Veissiere, S. P., Campbell, J. O., & Friston, K. J. (2018). A variational approach to niche construction. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 15(141), 20170685.

Kirmayer, L. J. (2018). Ontologies of life: From thermodynamics to teleonomics. Physics of Life Reviews, 24, 29-31.

Kirmayer, L.J., Gomez-Carrillo, A., Veissi猫re, S. (2017) Culture and depression in global mental health: An ecosocial approach to the phenomenology of psychiatric disorders, Social Science & Medicine doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.034.

*Ramstead, M. J., Veissi猫re, S. P., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2016). Cultural affordances: scaffolding local worlds through shared intentionality and regimes of attention. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1090.

Veissi猫re, S. (2016) 鈥榁arieties of Tulpa Experiences: The Hypnotic Nature of Human Sociality, Personhood, and Interphenomenality鈥�. In. Amir Raz and Michael Lifshitz (eds) Hypnosis and meditation: Towards an integrative science of conscious planes. Oxford University Press.

*Veissi猫re, S., Constant, A., Ramstead, M,, Friston, K., Kirmayer, L.J. (in review) Thinking Through Other Minds: A Variational Approach to Cognition and Culture. Behavioural and Brain Sciences.

Veissi猫re, S. (2018). Cultural Markov blankets? Mind the other minds gap!. Physics of Life Reviews, 24, 47-49.

Veissi猫re, S. & Stendel, M. (2018). Hypernatural Monitoring: a Social Rehearsal Account of Smartphone Addiction. Frontiers in Psychology (Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology) doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00141

Stress and the Brain - Marie-France Marin

This presentation aimsto provide an overview of stress and its impact on human brain and cognitive functions. We will first review the determinants of stress, its definition, as well as the distinction between acute and chronic stress. The brain regions that are rich in stress hormone receptors will be explored and from there, the impact of stress of cognitive functions will be covered. We will then turn our attention on the various factors that could influence stress perception and stress reactivity. Individual factors and societal factors that should be taken into account when studying the impact of stress on the brain will be examined.

Readings

*Kudielka BM, Hellhammer DH, W眉st S (2009). Why do we respond so differently? Reviewing determinants of human salivary cortisol responses to challenge. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(1), 2-18.

Kudielka BM, Kirschbaum C (2005). Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review. Biological Psychology, 69(1), 113-132.

*Lupien SJ, King S, Meaney MJ, Mcewen BS (2001). Can poverty get under your skin? Basal cortisol levels and cognitive function in children from low and high socioeconomic status. Development and Psychopathology, 13(3), 653-676.

Lupien SJ, Fiocco A, Wan N, Maheu F, Lord C, Schramek T, Tu MT (2005). Stress hormones and human memory function across the lifespan. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(3), 225-242.

Marin MF, Lord C, Andrews J, Juster RP, Sindi S, Arsenault-Lapierre G, Fiocco AJ, Lupien SJ (2011). Chronic stress, cognitive functioning and mental health. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 96(4), 583-595.

Raymond C, Marin MF, Majeur D, Lupien SJ (2018). Early child adversity and psychopathology in adulthood: HPA axis and cognitive dysregulations as potential mechanisms. Progress in NeuroPsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 85,152-160.

Spatial Navigation - V茅ronique Bohbot

A larger hippocampus has been associated with healthy cognition in normal aging and with a reduced risk of numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer鈥檚 disease, Schizophrenia, Post-Traumatic Stress disorder and Depression. The hippocampus is implicated in spatial memory strategies used when finding one鈥檚 way in the environment, i.e. it is allocentric and involves remembering the relationship between landmarks. On the other hand, another strategy dependent on the caudate nucleus can also be used, i.e. the response strategy, which relies on making a series of stimulus-response associations (e.g. right and left turns from given positions). Measures of spontaneous navigation strategies from ages 8 to 80 yrs have shown a decrease in spatial memory strategies across the life span, along with a reduction in activity and grey matter in the hippocampus in favor of caudate nucleus dependent response strategies. In this talk, I will be discussing variables that promote caudate nucleus-dependent strategies, such as reward seeking behaviors which include smoking and playing action video games, stress, gender, age and cultural differences. Furthermore, in a recent article, we show that spatial memory, measured in 2.7 million players of a free mobile app, correlates with the gross domestic product of countries around the world. Our findings suggest that spatial memory, which involves learning the relationship between environmental landmarks, is critical to hippocampal function which in turn, may be fundamental to contextualizing memory for events and have an impact on the incidence of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Readings

Amico F et al. (2011) Structural MRI correlates for vulnerability and resilience to major depressive disorder. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 36, 15 - 22. (doi:10. 1503/jpn.090186).

Apostolova LG, Dutton RA, Dinov ID, Hayashi KM, Toga AW, Cummings JL, Thompson PM. (2006) Conversion of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease predicted by hippocampal atrophy maps. Arch. Neurol. 63, 693 - 699. (doi:10. 1001/archneur.63.5.693).

Bohbot, V. D., Del Balso, D., Conrad, K., Konishi, K., & Leyton, M. (2013). Caudate nucleusdependent navigational strategies are associated with increased use of addictive drugs. Hippocampus, 23(11), 973-984. doi:10.1002/hipo.22187

*Bohbot, VD, and West, GL (2015) No, there is no causal link between action video games and Alzheimer鈥檚 disease. But here is what you need to know鈥�. Huffington Post

*Bohbot VD et al. (2007) Gray matter differences correlate with spontaneous strategies in a human virtual navigation task. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 10 078 -10 083.

*Coutrot, A., Silva, R., Manley, E., de Cothi, W., Sami, S., Bohbot, V. D., Wiener, J. M., Holscher, C., Dalton, R.C., Hornberger, M.,* , Spiers, H. J.,* (In Press) Global determinants of navigation ability. Current Biology. BioRxiv .

Erten-Lyons D, Woltjer RL, Dodge H, Nixon R, Vorobik R, Calvert JF, Leahy M, Montine T, Kaye J. (2009) Factors associated with resistance to dementia despite high Alzheimer disease pathology. Neurology. 2009 Jan 27;72(4):354-60. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000341273.18141.64.

Gilbertson MW, Shenton ME, Ciszewski A, Kasai K, Lasko NB, Orr SP, Pitman RK. (2002) Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 1242 - 1247. (doi:10.1038/nn958).

Gur RE, Turetsky BI, Cowell PE, Finkelman C, Maany V, Grossman RI, Arnold SE, Bilker WB, Gur RC (2000) Temporolimbic volume reductions in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Aug;57(8):769-75.

Konishi, K., Joober, R., Poirier, J., MacDonald, K., Chakravarty, M., Patel, R., . . . Bohbot, V. D. (2018). Healthy versus Entorhinal Cortical Atrophy Identification in Asymptomatic APOE4 Carriers at Risk for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 61(4), 1493-1507. doi:10.3233/JAD-170540

Persson, K., Bohbot, V. D., Bogdanovic, N., Selbaek, G., Braekhus, A., & Engedal, K. (2018). Finding of increased caudate nucleus in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand, 137(2), 224-232.

*West GL, Konishi K, Diarra M, Benady-Chorney J, Drisdelle BL, Dahmani L, Sodums DJ, Lepore F, Jolicoeur P, Bohbot VD (2017) Impact of video games on plasticity of the hippocampus. Molecular Psychiatry. 2017 Aug 8. doi: 10.1038/mp.2017.155. [Epub ahead of print]

Decision Neuroscience - Laurette Dub茅

Since pioneering work by Tversky and Kahneman in the late 1970s, behavioral economics, and now decision neuroscience, have provided a strong foundation for the scientific study of human decision making and behavior that accounts for the whole diversity of rational and less-rational motives and processes impacting choice. While behavioral economics is revealing the rich diversity of cognitive and affective heuristics and biases in decision under risk and uncertainty that violates rationality in both personal and professional judgments, decision neuroscience is combining cognitive neuroscience (in humans) with related fields of behavioral and systems neuroscience (in animal models) to define the neurobiological basis of decision making in both deterministic and probabilistic contexts. Important insights have already been provided on differentiated functions of the human frontal lobes, the crucial role of dopamine in reward learning, and the interactions between goal-directed behavior, habitual responses, impulsive drives, and, more generally, the complex and dynamic biological, social, and cultural processes that together define how the brain makes decision. This session will provide a brief overview of key decision neuroscience concepts and models of choice while pushing its boundaries through the example of our research on a Brainto-Society (BtS) approach to human behavior, using the example of food preference and behavior. The BtS model views gene, brain, economy and society as part of a same modular ontological system impacting behavior in real time and in real world contexts. The Brain-to-Society decision and behavioral research approach aims to harness and bridge the exponenial growth in our understanding of the workings of the human genome, brain, economy and society through artificial intelligence and other data and complexity sciences to inform adaptive individual and collective choice and behavior that go beyond what has been possible thus far in achieving their full possibilities and confronting complex challenges still confronting a 21st century world on the brinks of its fourth industrial revolution that blurs the boundary between the biological, physical and digital spheres. Part of the biological sciences are effectively becoming social sciences as genomic, proteomics, metabolomics, and brain imaging produces a large number of individual-level variables and researchers in these fields are on the hunt for measures of behavioral phenotypes. This happens while social sciences research and designers of real-world products, services, and programs supporting individuals in their decision making and behaviors are exploring neural and physiological signatures of differentiated facets of real-time experience for better impact and more precise targeting. Moreover, both science and action around the world now occur in extremely diverse contexts characterized by unprecedented speed and connectivity, accelerating the emergence of individual and collective patterns that may have different adaptive quality and would benefit from integrative scientific inquiry.

Readings

Cisek, P., & Pastor-Bernier, A. (2014). On the challenges and mechanisms of embodied decisions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 369(1655), 20130479.

*Fellows, L. Current concepts in decision-making research from bench to bedside. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18 (6), 937-941.

*Dub茅, L., Bechara, A., ..& Huettel, S. (2008). Towards a brain-to-society systems model of individual choice. Marketing Letters, 19(3-4), 323-336.

Hammond, R. A., Ornstein, J. T., Fellows, L. K., Dub茅, L., Levitan, R., & Dagher, A. (2012). A model of food reward learning with dynamic reward exposure. Frontiers in computational neuroscience, 6.

Pezzulo, G., Barsalou, L. W., Cangelosi, A., Fischer, M. H., McRae, K., & Spivey, M. (2013). Computational grounded cognition: a new alliance between grounded cognition and computational modeling. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 612.

Silveira, P. P., Gaudreau, H., Atkinson, L., Fleming, A. S., Sokolowski, M. B., Steiner, M., ... & Dub茅, L. (2016). Genetic differential susceptibility to socioeconomic status and childhood obesogenic behavior: why targeted prevention may be the best societal investment. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(4), 359-364.

Consciousness - Hakwan Lau

The topic of how consciousness (i.e. subjective experiences) arises from brain processes has been subject to controversial debates for centuries. Besides being a tremendous intellectual challenge in its own right, it also serves to highlight how scientific legimitacy is gained and lost in a field that essentially requires a multidisciplinary approach. I review different theories, and highlight some clinical applications that can hopefully keep the field grounded.

Readings

*Bayne, T (2018). On the axiomatic foundations of the integrated information theory of consciousness Neuroscience of Consciousness Dehaene S, Lau H, Kouider S (2017) What is consciousness, and could machines have it? Science

Giles, N, Lau, H, Odegaard, O. (2016). What Type of Awareness Does Binocular Rivalry Assess? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20(10):719-20

*Lau, H, Rosenthal, D. (2011). Empirical support for higher-order theories of conscious awareness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(8):365-73

Lau, H (2010). Theoretical motivations for investigating the neural correlates of consciousness Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews (WIREs) Cognitive Science DOI: 10.1002/wcs.93

Lau, H. (2017). 20 years of ASSC: are we ready for its coming of age? Neuroscience of Consciousness

Odegaard, B, Chang, MY, Lau, H, Cheung, SH (in press). Inflation versus filling-in: why we feel we see more than we actually do in peripheral vision Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B

Peters MA, Lau H (2015). Human observers have optimal introspective access to perceptual processes even for visually masked stimuli. Elife. 4. doi: 10.7554/eLife.09651.

*Taschereau-Dumouchel, V, Cortese, A, Chiba, T, Knotts, JD, Kawato, M, Lau, H. (2018). Towards an Unconscious Neural-Reinforcement Intervention for Common Fears PNAS

Taschereau-Dumouchel, V, Grimaldi, P, Lau, H (2017). Can unconscious brain processes indicate sentience? Animal Sentience, 13(15)

Experiential Sampling - Michael Russell

Ambulatory assessment 鈥� which includes experience sampling methodology (ESM), ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and wearable biosensors 鈥� offers unique potential to study affective, interpersonal, and contextual experiences in situ. This session offers a conceptual overview of ambulatory assessment techniques, including a discussion of their methodological advantages, disadvantages, and design considerations. Applications of ambulatory assessment to research on problem behavior and substance use in adolescent and young adult samples will also be presented, with emphasis on both conceptual and statistical aspects.

Readings

Barnett, N. P. (2015). Alcohol sensors and their potential for improving clinical care. Addiction, 110(1), 1- 3.

Russell, M. A., Almeida, D. M., & Maggs, J. L. (2017). Stressor-related drinking and future alcohol problems among university students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31, 676-687.

Russell, M. A., Wang, L., & Odgers, C. L. (2016). Witnessing substance use and same-day antisocial behavior among at-risk adolescents: Gene-environment interaction in a 30-day ecological momentary assessment study. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 1441-1456.

*Shiffman, S. (2014). Conceptualizing analyses of ecological momentary assessment data. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16(Suppl 2), S76-S87.

*Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008). Ecological momentary assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 1-32.

*Trull, T. J., & Ebner-Priemer, U. (2013). Ambulatory Assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 151-176.

Geo-Mapping - Kathy Trang

Biosensors, ecological momentary assessments, and passive monitoring generate multidimensional, person-centered data that can situate the magnitude and duration of bodily and emotional reactivity to social contexts (EMA), location (GPS), and networks of events that precede and follow them. Thereby, a spike in heart rate can be tied to what is known about the person鈥檚 past (e.g., history of stress exposure), present (e.g., the utterances, the imminent stakes), and future (e.g., symptoms triggered). Time series analysis, latent growth curve models, and an increasing number of novel approaches enable modeling of intra- and inter-individual variability with increasing granularity and precision. The hardware and software at hand places onus and opportunity for researchers to translate what is known within the laboratory or clinic into the flow of everyday life to capture the dynamic evolution of risk and resilience through diverse disease states, interventions, and cultural and social contexts; while presenting ever more pronounced dilemmas for data security, privacy, and use. This session engages this type of work by reviewing anthropological and public health theories on space/place and its impact on health and wellbeing, and examining how such theories may inform the design and selection of technologies currently available to track patientcentered outcomes in situ. Examples from this session draw from the presenter鈥檚 work in Vietnam examining HIV and PTSD comorbidity among a high-risk population.

Readings

*Epstein, D. H., Tyburski, M., Craig, I. M., Phillips, K. A., Jobes, M. L., Vahabzadeh, M., et al. (2014). Real-time tracking of neighborhood surroundings and mood in urban drug misusers: Application of a new method to study behavior in its geographical context. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 134, 22鈥�29.

*Low, S. M. (n.d.). Towards an anthropological theory of space and place. Semiotica, 2009(175), 21鈥�37.

Matthews, S. A., & Yang, T. C. (2013). Spatial Polygamy and Contextual Exposures (SPACEs): Promoting Activity Space Approaches in Research on Place And Health. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(8), 1057鈥�1081.

Odgers, C. L., Caspi, A., Bates, C. J., Sampson, R. J., & Moffitt, T. E. (2012). Systematic social observation of children鈥檚 neighborhoods using Google Street View: a reliable and cost-effective method. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(10), 1009鈥�1017.

Raanan, M. G., & Shoval, N. (2014). Mental maps compared to actual spatial behavior using GPS data: A new method for investigating segregation in cities. Cities, 36(C), 28鈥�40.

Rhodes, T., Singer, M., Bourgois, P., Friedman, S. R., & Strathdee, S. A. (2005). The social structural production of HIV risk among injecting drug users. Social Science & Medicine, 61(5), 1026鈥�1044.

Sharmin, M., Raij, A., Epstien, D., Nahum-Shani, I., Beck, J. G., Vhaduri, S., et al. (2015). Visualization of Time-Series Sensor Data to Inform the Design of Just-In-Time Adaptive Stress Interventions. Proceedings of the ... ACM International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing . UbiComp (Conference), 2015, 505鈥�516.

Field Methods - Jeffrey Snodgrass

This session will present an overview of methods suitable for conducting field projects attentive to local social and cultural processes. Focus will be on the development of culturally-sensitive positive and negative subjective well-being scales, via specialized 鈥渃ultural domain analysis鈥� techniques drawn from cognitive anthropology, including free-lists, pile-sorts, and cultural consensus/consonance analysis. The session will examine how social and neuroscientific questions can be addressed by integrating such scales into projects alongside other methods, including ethnography/participant-observation, semi-structured interviews, field surveys, social network analysis, and biomarkers. Examples will be drawn from the session leader鈥檚 own research with the indigenous Sahariya 鈥渃onservation refugees鈥� of central India, and also with gamers playing in online virtual worlds. In those two contexts, emphasis will be on illuminating relationships between culture, stress, and the HPA axis, and especially on the role that culturally learned frames of meaning鈥攕ometimes called 鈥渃ultural models,鈥� which can be captured in well-constructed scale measures鈥攑lay in regulating linked mental and physical well-being. In discussing those practical examples, issues related to both data collection and analysis will be raised, as well as the importance of careful study design, exploratory and confirmatory phases of research, mixing qualitative and quantitative methods, and working collaboratively with others.

Readings

*Snodgrass, J.G., Lacy, M.G. & Upadhyay, C. (2017) Developing Culturally Sensitive Affect Scales for Global Mental Health Research and Practice: Emotional Balance, Not Named Syndromes, in Indian Adivasi Subjective Well-Being. Social Science & Medicine 187: 174鈥�183.

*Snodgrass, J.G., et al. (2017). Online Gaming Involvement and Its Positive and Negative Consequences: A Cognitive Anthropological 鈥楥ultural Consensus鈥� Approach to Psychiatric Measurement and Assessment.鈥� Computers in Human Behavior 66 (2017): 291鈥�302. [Supplementary material discusses the interview analysis informing the scales:

Snodgrass, J.G., et al. (in prep). Addictive and Problematic Internet Gaming in North America, Europe, and China: Distinguishing Core from Peripheral Psychiatric Symptoms. Working manuscript.

Snodgrass, J.G., et al. (in prep).The Cross-Cultural Validity of Internet Gaming Disorder: A Comparative Study of North America, Europe, and China.

Snodgrass, J.G. (2014) Ethnography of Online Cultures. Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, 465鈥�496.

Snodgrass, J.G. David Most, and Chakrapani Upadhyay. 鈥淩eligious Ritual Is Good Medicine for Indigenous Indian Conservation Refugees: Implications for Global Mental Health.鈥� Current Anthropology 58, no. 2 (2017): 257鈥�84.

Snodgrass, Jeffrey G., H. J. Fran莽ois Dengah II, Michael G. Lacy, Robert J. Else, Evan R. Polzer, Jesusa M. G. Arevalo, and Steven W. Cole. 鈥淪ocial Genomics of Healthy and Disordered Internet Gaming.鈥� American Journal of Human Biology 0, no. 0 (n.d.): e23146. .

Zahran, Sammy, Jeffrey G Snodgrass, David G Maranon, Chakrapani Upadhyay, Douglas A Granger, and Susan M Bailey. 鈥淪tress and Telomere Shortening among Central Indian Conservation Refugees.鈥� Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 9 (2015): E928鈥揈936.

Field Methods -听Suzanne King

Neurodevelopment is a complex process with roots in the prenatal, and perhaps even the preconception, periods. Animal research makes it clear that stress during pregnancy increases maternal circulating glucocorticoids which can overwhelm the placental barrier enzyme 11-betaHSD2 and alter fetal development. However, generalization of the animal literature to humans is problematic given differences in the timing of fetal neurodevelopment, and the greater complexity of the human relationship with stress. This presentation will review the development and results of a research program aimed at measuring psychological, social, and biological aspects of prenatal maternal stress and its effects on the unborn child through the experience of child-bearing women exposed to hardship from natural disasters, including: the 1998 Quebec ice storm; the 2008 Iowa floods; the flooding in Queensland Australia in 2011; the wildfires of Fort McMurray, Alberta in 2016; and the flooding in Houston caused by Hurricane Harvey in 2017. This research program is assembling a complex picture of the developmental origins of health and disease including: psychological and biological aspects of stress; DNA methylation; brain structure; immune function; and the prenatal and postnatal social factors that can buffer mother and child.

Readings

Austin MP, Christl B, McMahon C, Kildea S, Reilly N, Yin C, Simcock G, Elgbeili G, Laplante DP, King S: Moderating effects of maternal emotional availability on language and cognitive development in toddlers of mothers exposed to a natural disaster in pregnancy: The QF2011 Queensland Flood Study. Infant Behav Dev 2017, 49:296-309.

*Charil A, Laplante DP, Vaillancourt C, King S: Prenatal stress and brain development. Brain Res Rev 2010, 65:56-79.

*Cao-Lei L, de Rooij SR, King S, Matthews SG, Metz GAS, Roseboom TJ, Szyf M: Prenatal stress and epigenetics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017.

*King S, Dancause KN, Turcotte-Tremblay A-M, Veru F, Laplante DP: Using Natural Disasters to Study the Effects of Prenatal Maternal Stress on Child Health and Development. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2012, 96:273-288.

Kildea S, Simcock G, Liu A, Kahler A, Tracy S, Austin M, Elgbeili G, Laplante DP, Kruske S, Tracy M, et al: Continuity of midwifery care moderates the effects of prenatal maternal stress on postnatal maternal wellbeing: The QF2011 Queensland Flood Study. Arch Womens Ment Health 2018, 21:203-214.

Kroska EB, O'Hara MW, Elgbeili G, Hart KJ, Laplante DP, Dancause KN, King S: The impact of maternal flood-related stress and social support on offspring weight in early childhood. Arch Womens Ment Health 2017.

Laplante DP, Brunet A, Schmitz N, Ciampi A, King S: Project Ice Storm: Prenatal maternal stress affects cognitive and linguistic functioning in 5陆-year-old children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008, 47:1063-1072.

Moss KM, Simcock G, Cobham V, Kildea S, Elgbeili G, Laplante DP, King S: A potential psychological mechanism linking disaster-related prenatal maternal stress with child cognitive and motor development at 16 months: The QF2011 Queensland Flood Study. Dev Psychol 2017, 53:629-641.

St-Pierre J, Laplante DP, Elgbeili G, Dawson PA, Kildea S, King S, Vaillancourt C: Natural disasterrelated prenatal maternal stress is associated with alterations in placental glucocorticoid system: The QF2011 Queensland Flood Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018, 94:38-48.

Veru F, Dancause K, Laplante DP, King S, Luheshi G: Prenatal maternal stress predicts reductions in CD4+ lymphocytes, increases in innate-derived cytokines, and a Th2 shift in adolescents: Project Ice Storm. Physiol Behav 2015, 144:137-145.

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