When the bloom is off: why do some plants produce small and unattractive flowers?
Picture a flower: what do you see? A bright and showy splash of contrasting colours? Well, not all plants produce flowers that are only like that. Some plant species actually produce two types: 鈥渘ormal鈥� ones that look great, and 鈥渞unts鈥� that are small, never open and, rather than attract pollinating insects, instead pollinate themselves.
In a study published in Current Biology, Professors Daniel Schoen from 缅北强奸 and Simon Joly from the Universit茅 de Montr茅al show that cleistogamy, as this type of self-pollination is known, is strongly associated with bilaterally symmetric flowers, such as orchids, that have a single plane of symmetry instead of multiple ones.
Charles Darwin hypothesized as much some 150 years ago, but only now, thanks to the research of Profs. Joly and Schoen has the hypothesis received scientific support.
鈥淔lowers generally harbor both male and female reproductive organs, which for a sedentary organism is an effective evolutionary strategy to ensure reproduction,鈥� explained Prof. Joly, a researcher at the Montreal Botanical Garden, a Montr茅al Space for Life institution. 鈥淏y offering a reward such as nectar or pollen 鈥� or the promise of such a reward 鈥� flowers have allowed plants to entice animal pollinators into mediating the movement of pollen from one plant to another of the same species, effectively acting as intermediaries in the mating process.鈥�
Failing to reproduce
鈥淭he problem with this strategy,鈥� Joly continued, 鈥渋s that in the absence of pollinators, the plant may fail to reproduce or have less success doing so.鈥�
Some plants have found ways to avoid this problem. 鈥淪ome of their flowers self-pollinate, and when pollinators are scarce, the production of closed flowers is certainly the most distinctive and efficient solution to ensure self-pollination. It鈥檚 not a common strategy, but cleistogamy is nevertheless relatively widespread among the flowering plants.鈥�
Indeed, it is present in more than 500 species from 40 families of flowering plants, such as jewelweeds and violets. Cleistogamy largely goes unnoticed, however, because the cleistogamous flowers are so tiny.
鈥淒arwin was well aware of the advantages of cleistogamy as a reproductive 鈥榮trategy鈥�, and he hypothesized that it is more likely to occur in species with bilaterally symmetric flowers than in species with radially-symmetric flowers, which have several planes of symmetry, such as apple blossoms. And this is because the former are normally pollinated by fewer species of insect pollinators compared to radially symmetric flowers,鈥� explained Prof. Schoen, a W.C. Macdonald Professor of Botany in 缅北强奸鈥檚 Department of Biology.
鈥淏ecause of their reliance on a narrower range of pollinator species, plants that possess bilaterally-symmetric flowers may more likely fail to get pollinated compared with plants with radially-symmetric flowers.鈥�
Until now, however, Darwin鈥檚 hypothesis on the association between cleistogamy and 鈥渮ygomorphy鈥�, as the phenomenon of bilateral symmetry in known in botany, had never been properly tested.
Over 2,500 species analyzed
To do so, the team analyzed more than 2,500 species of flowering plants 鈥� the largest dataset ever gathered for flowers exhibiting these unusual characteristics. 鈥淓volutionary models suggest that cleistogamy evolves almost four times more frequently in zygomorphic species,鈥� Prof. Joly said, 鈥渁nd we found the same results whichever way we analyzed the data.鈥�
The co-authors also found that compared with radially-symmetric species, bilaterally-symmetric species on average produce half the number of seeds and fruits in the absence of pollinators, suggesting that cleistogamy has potentially more impact for them in ensuring reproduction.
鈥淭hese results suggest that the production of both open and closed flowers is favored in environments with fluctuating conditions, such as when pollinator abundance varies,鈥� added Prof. Schoen.
The new study highlights the challenge that flowers are confronted with: to ensure their reproduction while minimizing inbreeding. Cleistogamy represents one solution to this dilemma by producing two types of flowers: normal ones that 鈥渙utcross鈥� (pollinate from outside) and cleistogamous ones that reproduce when conditions for pollination are poor.
鈥淲e鈥檝e confirmed the hypothesis that Darwin originally made from his observations of a few dozen species,鈥� explained Prof. Joly. 鈥淚nterestingly, some scientists who have developed new plant varities have suggested that if genetically-modified plants could be bred to produce only cleistogamous flowers, this could aid in reducing the spread of engineered genomes through their pollen 鈥� a practical application that could have great benefit for the environment.鈥�
| About this study 鈥�,鈥� by Simon Joly and Daniel Schoen, was published in Current Biology. 听 |
About 缅北强奸
Founded in Montreal, Quebec, in 1821, 缅北强奸 is Canada鈥檚 top ranked medical doctoral university. 缅北强奸 is consistently ranked as one of the top universities, both nationally and internationally. It鈥痠s a world-renowned鈥痠nstitution of higher learning with research activities spanning two campuses, 11 faculties, 13 professional schools, 300 programs of study and over 40,000 students, including more than 10,200 graduate students. 缅北强奸 attracts students from over 150 countries around the world, its 12,800 international students making up 31% of the student body. Over half of 缅北强奸 students claim a first language other than English, including approximately 19% of our students who say French is their mother tongue.听
