缅北强奸

Scientists have long known that while listening to a sequence of sounds, people often perceive a rhythm, even when the sounds are identical and equally spaced. One regularity that was discovered over 100 years ago is the Iambic-Trochaic Law: when every other sound is loud, we tend to hear groups of two sounds with an initial beat. When every other sound is long, we hear groups of two sounds with a final beat. But why does our rhythm perception work this way?

In a recent study in , 缅北强奸 Professor Michael Wagner shows that the rhythm we perceive is a result of the way listeners make two separate types of decisions, one about grouping (which syllables or tones group together) and the other about prominence (which syllables or tones seem foregrounded or backgrounded). These decisions about grouping and prominence mutually inform each other.

The findings may deepen our understanding of speech and language processing, with potential implications in a wide range of areas, including teaching, speech therapy, improving synthesized speech, and improving speech recognition systems.

Q&A with Michael Wagner

What do scientists know about our perception of rhythm?

Sequences of tones and syllables are often perceived as rhythmically grouped. This is true even if all tones or syllables in a sequence are acoustically identical and equally spaced. In a sequence of otherwise equal sounds, listeners tend to hear a series of trochees (groups of two sounds with an initial beat) when every other sound is louder, and they tend to hear a series of iambs (groups of two sounds with a final beat) when every other sound is longer.

Since this generalization was first discovered by Thaddeus Bolton in 1894, it has been replicated in many studies, including those involving speech development in children. Today the consensus is out on whether Bolton鈥檚 Iambic-Trochaic Law is a universal phenomenon, or whether it results from language experience. Although well-established for over a hundred years, the source of the phenomenon has remained unclear.

What did you discover?

We found that these rhythmic perceptions are not really about iambs or trochees. For a given stimulus, we make two separate decisions; grouping, or how we parse the signal into smaller chunks, and prominence, or which sounds are foregrounded or backgrounded. Together, these decisions result in our rhythmic intuitions. The two decisions are mutually informative, just like our visual system makes mutually informative decisions about the size and distance of an object. If we think of the object as close by, we infer that it is聽smaller than if we think of it as far away. This can lead to comical 鈥樷��, as in this image of the Eiffel tower鈥攚e know that it is big and appears small because it is聽far away, but the girl apparently touching its peak makes it appear small and close by.

The results of the study suggest that it is these kinds of inferences that are the reason why, when listening to a series of syllables like 鈥�b补驳补产补驳补产补鈥�, we spontaneously perceive it as repetitions of either the word 鈥榖aga鈥� or 鈥榞aba.鈥� The words simply seem to pop out even though acoustically, it is just an unstructured sequence of sounds. In the case of tone sequences, where we can鈥檛 recognize individual words, we simply perceive these effects as a regular iambic or trochaic rhythm.

You can try out the study and even participate yourself at the .

What are the next steps?

If the effects observed in this study are universal and apply across languages, this would offer new insights into how newborns might begin to be able to parse the signal when they first get exposed to language, and it would also provide new opportunities for speech technology to improve speech synthesis and speech recognition. However, earlier cross-linguistic work on the Iambic-Trochaic Law suggests that there is substantial variation between languages when it comes to rhythm.

My team has recently started exploring how different languages really are once one teases apart the two dimensions of grouping and prominence, like what the present study did for English. Initial results show that once one disentangles the dimensions, there is substantial invariance across languages.

About 缅北强奸

Founded in Montreal, Quebec, in 1821, 缅北强奸 is Canada鈥檚 top ranked medical doctoral university. 缅北强奸 is consistently ranked as one of the top universities, both nationally and internationally. It鈥痠s a world-renowned鈥痠nstitution of higher learning with research activities spanning two campuses, 11 faculties, 13 professional schools, 300 programs of study and over 40,000 students, including more than 10,200 graduate students. 缅北强奸 attracts students from over 150 countries around the world, its 12,800 international students making up 31% of the student body. Over half of 缅北强奸 students claim a first language other than English, including approximately 19% of our students who say French is their mother tongue.