缅北强奸

鈥淪talled drugs鈥� are drugs that fail to make it to the market either because they prove to be ineffective or unsafe or both. Because only one in ten of the drugs that goes into human testing actually gets licensed, most of the information collected in developing new drugs is currently being lost. This is despite the fact that this information is critical for effective care, protecting patients, and discovering better drugs.

鈥淲e focused on drug trials in these three areas because they are a major focus for drug development,鈥� says Prof. Jonathan Kimmelman who is Associate Professor of Biomedical Ethics at 缅北强奸 and is the lead author on the study that was published today in the British Medical Journal. 鈥淲e expected to see that many of these trials are never published.聽 What surprised us was the magnitude of the data withholding.鈥�

Indeed, between 2005 and 2009, the period that the researchers studied, only about 37 per cent of registered trials for 鈥渟talled鈥� drug trials were actually published. For the approved drugs developed in the same period, 75 per cent of the trials were published.

The researchers believe information sharing - even for drugs that stall in development - offers clues about how to deliver care or develop drugs more effectively.聽 Findings from trials of stalled drugs:

1. Allow drug developers to discover what didn鈥檛 work, and then adjust the compound or method of delivery so that it might work for other conditions. For example, the drug Viagra failed initially as a drug for treatment of angina.聽 We now know it to be a very effective drug for erectile dysfunction.
2. Help us learn about the safety of other approved drugs.聽 Often, trials of experimental drugs generate valuable evidence about the safety of approved drugs - especially if the approved drugs are in the same chemical family.
3. Help drug discoverers learn about the limits of animal models and other experimental techniques. 鈥淲hen a drug works in animal models but not in patients, we have an opportunity to study why our model fell short and to improve it,鈥� says Amanda Hakala, a Master鈥檚 student who is first author on the study.
4. Contain safety and efficacy information that might be useful in other parts of the world.聽 Often, drugs that are considered unsafe and ineffective in one part of the world are approved in another.聽 鈥淔ailure to publish these trials deprives patients in those other jurisdictions of state of the art evidence of safety and efficacy,鈥� says Kimmelman.

聽A further reason to share the information about 鈥渟talled鈥� drugs is that many patients who take part in these trials are given either placebos or ineffective or unsafe drugs. 鈥淭he failure of the drug developers to share their findings runs contrary to the Declaration of Helsinki which lays out clear ethical guidelines for medical research involving human subjects,鈥� says Kimmelman. 鈥淚n our study, we found that over 20,000 patients were involved in 鈥渟talled鈥� drug trials that were never reported. That鈥檚 a lot of people whose altruism is not being honoured.鈥�

鈥淭here are many reasons that drug developers do not report findings in 鈥榮talled鈥� drug trials.聽 One is an unwillingness to share information with competitors,鈥� says Amanda Hakala, the Master鈥檚 student who is the first author on the study. 聽聽鈥淗owever, the value of this lost information is starting to be recognized.鈥� 聽The European Parliament recently passed legislation that requires sponsors to report on 鈥渟talled鈥� trials. And the U.S. is considering policies that would encourage limited transparency about stalled drug trials. 鈥淧olicies like these are no substitute for full publication, but they go a long way to redeeming the sacrifices of the research subjects and advancing the cause of more effective healthcare and better drug development.鈥澛�

The research was funded by: Canadian Institutes of Health Research

To read the full paper in the British Medical Journal:聽

To reach the researchers:

Jonathan.Kimmelman [at] mcgill.ca (English only)

amanda.hakala [at] mail.mcgill.ca (Amanda Hakala) (English & French)