For countries that became independent, distinct polities only very briefly in the aftermath of the First World War (e.g., Ukraine, Slovenia), the researchers use the second, more recent date of nation-state formation as a temporal reference point.
FRANCE (GPT = 0)
- nation-state formation: 1792
DENMARK (GPT = 1)
- nation-state formation: 1849
- territory: loss via failure of union with Iceland in 1944
SWEDEN (GPT = 1)
- nation-state formation: 1866
- territory: loss via failure of union with Norway in 1905
POLAND (GPT = 2)
- nation-state formation: 1921
- independence: lost (de facto) to the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1989
AUSTRIA (GPT = 3)
- nation-state formation: 1918
- territory: lost substantial territory during nation-state formation in the aftermath of the First World War (nation-state = rump of empire following losses in international conflict)
- independence: compromised independence between 1918 and 1952 (prohibited from forming a union with Germany. It was then occupied by the Allies after the Second World War)
GERMANY (GPT = 3)
- nation-state formation: 1871
- territory: lost substantial territory in post-WWII settlement
- independence: compromised independence between 1945 and 1952 (Allied Occupation); part of the current nation-state, East Germany, under Soviet domination for several decades after that war.
GREECE (GPT = 3)
- nation-state formation: 1844
- independence: compromised independence between 1833 and 1924 (Great Powers imposed a foreign king on Greece for much of this country鈥檚 post-Ottoman history, and this king had substantial power for much of this period)
- external conflict: since 1960, ongoing conflict of varying intensity with Turkey over the status of Cyprus, and more generally
UK/GB (GPT = 3)
- nation-state formation: 1800
- territory: loss via failure of union with Ireland in 1922
- internal conflict, recurrent & ongoing: since 1960s; Northern Ireland & Scotland
HUNGARY (GPT = 4)
- nation-state formation: 1918
- territory: lost substantial territory during first years nation-state in the aftermath of the First World War (Treaty of Trianon, 1920)
- independence: lost (de facto) to the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1989
TURKEY (GPT = 6)
- nation-state formation: 1924
- territory: lost substantial territory during nation-state formation in the aftermath of the First World War (nation-state = rump of empire following losses in international war)
- internal conflict: since 1974 (Kurds)
- external conflict: since 1960, ongoing conflict of varying intensity with Greece over the status of Cyprus, and more generally
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