缅北强奸

Authors:聽Ji Lu,聽Suhong Xiong,聽Narendra Arora,聽Laurette Dub茅

Publication: Eating Behaviours

Abstract:

Purpose

Control rules are parental practices that use food, especially those high in fat or sugar, as an instrumental reinforcer to encourage children to behave in a normative manner in non-food domains. Past laboratory experiments show that repeatedly presenting snacks as a reward or associated with adults' attention, increases children's preference for the presented food. This field study aims to examine whether control rules are associated with children's increased everyday intake of food high in sugar/fat, and whether this effect is moderated by individual differences in neurobehavioral sensitivity to reward and in gender.

Design

207 six- to twelve-year-old children's parents reported the children's everyday dietary intake through a food frequency questionnaire and provided information regarding the children's sensitivity to rewards as well as the frequency of enforcing control rules.

Results

Children who lived in families with a high frequency of using control rules exhibited more daily fat, carbohydrate, and total energy intake than did children whose parents use control rules less often. Furthermore, the effect of control rules on dietary pattern was particularly strong for children with high reward sensitivity, especially boys.

Conclusions

Control rules have adverse consequences on children's聽nutrition. The moderating effects of sensitivity to reward and gender are consistent to a聽reinforcement learning聽process鈥攁ssociating the high-fat/sugar food consumption with social-affective pleasure resulting from performing behavior desired by parents鈥攖hrough which parental control rules contribute to children's maladaptive dietary patterns.

Read full article: , July 30, 2015