缅北强奸

Now, a team of physicists at 缅北强奸, in collaboration with researchers at General Motors R&D, have shown that electrical current may be drastically reduced when wires from two dissimilar metals meet. The surprisingly sharp reduction in current reveals a significant challenge that could shape material choices and device design in the emerging field of nanoelectronics.

The size of features in electronic circuits is shrinking every year, thanks to the aggressive miniaturization prescribed by Moore's Law, which postulated that the density of transistors on integrated circuits would double every 18 months or so. This steady progress makes it possible to carry around computers in our pockets, but poses serious challenges. As feature sizes dwindle to the level of atoms, the resistance to current no longer increases at a consistent rate as devices shrink; instead the resistance 鈥渏umps around,鈥� displaying the counterintuitive effects of quantum mechanics, says 缅北强奸 Physics professor Peter Gr眉tter.

鈥淵ou could use the analogy of a water hose,鈥� Gr眉tter explains. 鈥淚f you keep the water pressure constant, less water comes out as you reduce the diameter of the hose. But if you were to shrink the hose to the size of a straw just two or three atoms in diameter, the outflow would no longer decline at a rate proportional to the hose cross-sectional area; it would vary in a quantized (鈥榡umpy鈥�) way.鈥�

This 鈥渜uantum weirdness鈥� is exactly what the 缅北强奸 and General Motors researchers observed, as described in a new paper appearing in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The researchers investigated an ultra-small contact between gold and tungsten, two metals currently used in combination in computer chips to connect different functional components of a device.

On the experimental side of the research, Prof. Gr眉tter's lab used advanced microscopy techniques to image a tungsten probe and gold surface with atomic precision, and to bring them together mechanically in a precisely-controlled manner. The electrical current through the resulting contact was much lower than expected. Mechanical modeling of the atomic structure of this contact 听was done in collaboration with Yue Qi, a research scientist with the General Motors R&D Center in Warren, MI..

State-of-the-art electrical modeling by Jesse Maassen in professor Hong Guo鈥檚 缅北强奸 Physics research group 听confirmed this result, showing that dissimilarities in electronic structure between the two metals leads to a fourfold decrease in current flow, even for a perfect interface. The researchers additionally found that crystal defects 鈥� displacements of the normally perfect arrangement of atoms -- generated by bringing the two materials into mechanical contact 听was a further reason for the observed reduction of 听the current.

鈥淭he size of that drop is far greater than most experts would expect 鈥� on the order of 10 times greater,鈥� notes Prof. Gr眉tter.

The results point to a need for future research into ways to surmount this challenge, possibly through choice of materials or other processing techniques. 鈥淭he first step toward finding a solution is being aware of the problem,鈥� Gr眉tter notes. 鈥淭his is the first time that it has been demonstrated that this is a major problem for nanoelectronic systems.鈥�

Funding for this research was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, le Fonds Qu茅b茅cois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies, and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research.

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WIKIMEDIA COMMONS:听Photograph of the upper interconnect layers on an Intel 80486 DX2 taken with an optical microscope at 200x magnification. The large irregular black spots are dust particles collected due to my carelessness in disassembling the microprocessor packaging outside a clean room. Taken by User:Uberpenguin with the assistance of Matt Gibbs (matt[AT]alwayssleeping{dot}com).

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