缅北强奸

In a paper published this month in Geophysical Research Letters, Lovejoy concludes that a natural cooling fluctuation during this period largely masked the warming effects of a continued increase in man-made emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.听

The new study applies a statistical methodology developed by the 缅北强奸 researcher in a previous paper, published in April in the journal Climate Dynamics. The earlier study -- which used pre-industrial temperature proxies to analyze historical climate patterns -- ruled out, with more than 99% certainty, the possibility that global warming in the industrial era is just a natural fluctuation in the earth鈥檚 climate.

In his new paper, Lovejoy applies the same approach to the 15-year period after 1998, during which globally averaged temperatures remained high by historical standards, but were somewhat below most predictions generated by the complex computer models used by scientists to estimate the effects of greenhouse-gas emissions.

The deceleration in rising temperatures during this 15-year period is sometimes referred to as a 鈥減ause鈥� or 鈥渉iatus鈥� in global warming, and has raised questions about why the rate of surface warming on Earth has been markedly slower than in previous decades. Since levels of greenhouse gases have continued to rise throughout the period, some skeptics have argued that the recent pattern undercuts the theory that global warming in the industrial era has been caused largely by man-made emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.听

Lovejoy鈥檚 new study concludes that there has been a natural cooling fluctuation of about 0.28 to 0.37 degrees Celsius since 1998 -- a pattern that is in line with variations that occur historically every 20 to 50 years, according to the analysis. 鈥淲e find many examples of these variations in pre-industrial temperature reconstructions鈥� based on proxies such as tree rings, ice cores, and lake sediment, Lovejoy says. 鈥淏eing based on climate records, this approach avoids any biases that might affect the sophisticated computer models that are commonly used for understanding global warming.鈥�

What鈥檚 more, the cooling effect observed between 1998 and 2013 鈥渆xactly follows a slightly larger pre-pause warming event, from 1992 to 1998,鈥� so that the natural cooling during the 鈥減ause鈥� is no more than a return to the longer term natural variability, Lovejoy concludes.听 鈥淭he pause thus has a convincing statistical explanation.鈥�

in Lovejoy鈥檚 two recent papers could also be used by researchers to help analyze precipitation trends and regional climate variability and to develop new stochastic methods of climate forecasting, he adds.

鈥淩eturn periods of global climate fluctuations and the pause鈥�, Shaun Lovejoy, Geophysical Research Letters, published online July 14, 2014.
DOI: 10.1002/2014GL060478

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