缅北强奸

In a new study, published in this week鈥檚 issue of the journal Science, researchers show for the first time how the brain re-wires and fine-tunes its connections differently depending on the relative timing of sensory stimuli. In most neuroscience textbooks today, there is a widely held model that explains how nerve circuits might refine their connectivity based on patterned firing of brain cells, but it has not previously been directly observed in real time. This 鈥淗ebbian Theory鈥�, named after the 缅北强奸 psychologist Donald Olding Hebb who first proposed it in 1949 has been summarized as:

鈥淐ells that fire together, wire together. Cells that fire out of sync, lose their link鈥�

In other words, a nerve cell that fires at the same time as its nerve cell neighbors will cooperatively form strong, stable connections onto its partner cells. On the other hand, a nerve cell that fires out of synchrony with its neighbours, will end up destabilizing and withdrawing its connections. 聽鈥淔or the first time, we have direct, real-time evidence from watching brain cells in an intact animal to support Hebb鈥檚 model, but, we also provide surprising, new details, fundamentally updating the model for the 21^st century,鈥� says Dr. Edward Ruthazer, senior investigator on the study at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital 鈥揟he Neuro at 缅北强奸 and the 缅北强奸 Health Centre.聽

The study, which used multiphoton laser-scanning microscopy to observe cells in the brains of intact animals, discovered that asynchronous firing, or 鈥渇iring out of sync鈥� not only caused brain cells to lose their ability to make other cells fire, but unexpectedly, also caused them to dramatically increase their elaboration of new branches in search of better matched partners. 鈥淭he surprising and entirely unexpected finding is that even though nerve circuit remodeling from asynchronous stimulation actively weakens connections, there is a 60% increase in axon branches that are exploring the environment but these exploratory branches are not long-lived,鈥� said Dr. Ruthazer.聽

IMAGES of nerves in action in transparent xenopus tadpoles:

Dr. Ruthazer鈥檚 lab charts the formation of brain circuitry during development in the hopes of better understanding the rules that control healthy brain wiring and of advancing treatments for injuries to the nervous system and therapies for neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Astoundingly, nearly one out of every 100 Canadians suffers from one of these disorders, estimated to cost the Canadian economy over $10 billion annually in addition to inflicting a devastating impact on patients and their families.

In the developing brain, initially imprecise connections between nerve cells are gradually pruned away, leaving connections that are stronger and more specific. 聽This refinement occurs in response to patterned stimulation from the environment. 鈥淭he way we perceive the world as adults is directly impacted by what we saw when we were younger,鈥� says Dr. Ruthazer.

Dr. Ruthazer鈥檚 team studies brain development in Xenopus tadpoles, which have the distinct advantage of being transparent, enabling the team to clearly see the nervous system inside. They have developed a model that allows them to watch nerve cell remodeling in vivo, in real time, and to measure the efficacy of connections between cells. Optic fibers were used to stimulate the eyes of the tadpoles with different light patterns, while imaging and recording nerve cell branch formation.聽 Asynchronous stimulation involved light flashes presented to each eye at different times, while synchronous stimulation involved simultaneous stimulation of both eyes.

Importantly, Dr. Ruthazer鈥檚 group also has begun to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes in the nervous system. They show that the stabilization of the retinal nerve cell branches caused by synchronous firing involves signaling downstream of the synaptic activation of a neurotransmitter receptor called the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.聽 In contrast, the enhanced exploratory growth that occurs with asynchronous activity does not appear to require the activation of this receptor.

To read the full article in Science:

The Neuro

The Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital 鈥� The Neuro, is a unique academic medical centre dedicated to neuroscience. Founded in 1934 by the renowned Dr. Wilder Penfield, The Neuro is recognized internationally for integrating research, compassionate patient care and advanced training, all key to advances in science and medicine. The Neuro is a research and teaching institute of 缅北强奸 and forms the basis for the Neuroscience Mission of the 缅北强奸 Health Centre.聽 Neuro researchers are world leaders in cellular and molecular neuroscience, brain imaging, cognitive neuroscience and the study and treatment of epilepsy, multiple sclerosis and neuromuscular disorders. For more information, visit .